Effects of a low glycemic load diet on body weight loss in overweight or obese young adults / 한국영양학회지

Purpose@#This study compared the effects of a high glycemic load (high GL) diet and low glycemic load (low GL) diet on the body weight, body fat, blood pressure, and blood lipid indicators. @*Methods@#Twenty-one young adults aged between 21 and 28 years who were overweighted or obese (body mass index [BMI] between 23 and 33.5 kg/㎡ ) before the study and after calorie reduction diets with either low GL or high GL for 2 weeks each were examined.The study was a randomized crossover design with a 2-week washout period between the 2 types of diet. The order of the low GL and high GL diet periods was randomized. The body weight, body fat, blood pressure, levels of blood lipids, fasting glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) insulin, C-peptide, and HOMA C-peptide were measured at the baseline, as well as 2, 4, and 6 weeks after starting the experiment. @*Results@#When subjects were on the low GL diet, they lost more weight than those eating the high GL diet (mean ± SD, −2.77 ± 1.09 vs. −1.56 ± 0.78 kg; p < 0.001); there were greater decreases in body fat mass (−1.62 ± 1.19 vs. −0.88 ± 0.91 kg; p = 0.024) and BMI (−0.95 ± 0.32 vs. −0.56 ± 1.08 kg/㎡ ; p < 0.001). On the other hand, there were no significant differences in changes in biochemical parameters, such as blood lipids and fasting glucose levels, and blood pressure. The body weight, body fat mass, BMI, percent body fat, blood pressure, cholesterol (total, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein), fasting glucose, C-peptide, HOMA-insulin resistance-C-peptide levels were decreased significantly at 6 weeks. @*Conclusion@#The low GL diet may be more effective in losing body weight, body fat mass, and BMI than the high GL diet for 2 weeks in healthy young overweight or obese adults.

Effects of macronutrients in mixed meals on postprandial glycemic response / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of study was to determine the effects of carbohydrate, fat, protein, and fiber contents on glycemic responses in a single food item or meal. METHODS: Glycemic responses were measured in 30 healthy young adults (17 males and 13 females) with various test foods, including rice, egg whites, bean sprouts, olive oil, noodles, prune, broccoli, Korean dishes, Western dishes, and salad dishes, etc. Test foods were designed to contain various carbohydrate, fat, protein, and fiber contents in single or mixed foods or dishes. After 12 hours of fasting, participants consumed test foods, and the glycemic response was measured for a subsequent 120 min (0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min). Three hundred and fifty three glycemic responses from 62 foods were collected. The incremental area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for each test food for each subject to examine glycemic responses. Statistical analysis was conducted to identify which macronutrient (carbohydrate, fat, protein and fiber) affected the AUC using a mixed model. RESULTS: Carbohydrates (β= 37.18, p < 0.0001) significantly increased while fat (β= −32.70, p = 0.0054) and fiber (β= −32.01, p = 0.0486) significantly reduced the glycemic response. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the glycemic response of a meal can be modified depending on the fat and fiber contents of ingredient foods, even though carbohydrate content is maintained.

A Case of Pseudophakic Malignant Glaucoma

PURPOSE: Malignant glaucoma is a rare secondary glaucoma characterized by a flat anterior chamber with increased intraocular pressure (IOP). It may occur after intraocular surgery, trauma, inflammation, the use of miotic agents, and so on. We report a case of malignant glaucoma after uncomplicated phacoemulsification with foldable intraocular lens implantation (IOL) using scleral tunnel incision. METHODS: A 74-year-old woman underwent a phacoemulsification with foldable IOL implantation in her left eye. Ten days after cataract surgery, she had severe ocular pain, a high IOP, and a flat anterior chamber. Pupillary block was suspected, and a peripheral iridectomy was done. But she was referred to our hospital for evaluation of persistent IOP elevation with flat anterior chamber. A diagnosis of pseudophakic malignant glaucoma was made, and we performed a core vitrectomy through peripheral iridectomy site. The anterior chamber deepened postoperatively with control of IOP. On the fourth postoperative day, she developed flattening of the anterior chamber with IOP elevation. A recurrence of malignant glaucoma was diagnosed, and anterior vitrecomy with a widening of previous iridectomy wound was done. RESULTS: Postoperatively, the patient had normal IOP, a deep anterior chamber and improved visual acuity. We got successful results from a surgical anterior vitrecomy through peripheral iridectomy site.

Visual Fields Measured with SWAP(Short Wavelength Automated Perimetry) in Normal Korean

PURPOSE: Previous results from many studies indicate that SWAP(short wavelength automated perimetry) is superior to standard white-on-white perimetry for assessing early glaucomatous visual field defects and progression in glaucomatous field loss. The standard normal data of SWAP in Humphrey field analyzer were gathered from normal North American. Therefore, it was necessary to evaluate the visual fields measured with SWAP in normal Korean. METHODS: Central 30-2 threshold tests with blue-on-yellow mode were performed in 96 eyes of 48 normal subjects with Humphrey Field Analyzer. RESULTS: The average value of foveal threshold, mean deviation(MD), pattern standard deviation(PSD), short-term fluctuation(SF), and corrected pattern standard deviation(CPSD) were 22.1+/-4.2 dB, -5.37+/-3.27dB, 3.29+/-0.94 dB, 1.90+/-0.67 dB, 2.48+/-1.15dB, respectively. The frequency of abnormal value on SWAP(p<0.5%) was 29.2% in foveal threshold and 11.5% in MD, which was higher than fundamental data of perimetry. As the age increased, foveal threshold decreased(r=-0.365), PSD and CPSD increased(r=0.321 and 0.283, respectively)(p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study is limited due to the small study group and because the test was performed on single session. Further study is needed for understanding the relationship between SWAP and early structural change of optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer.

The Relationships of Health-Related Lifestyles with Homocysteine, Folate, and Vitamin B/sub 12/ Status in Korean Adults / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The elevation of plasma total homocysteine(tHcy) is now established as a risk factro for cardiovascular disease. It is also well known that plasma levels of folate and vitamin B/sub 12/ influences homocysteine metabolism as cofactors. Recently, the effects of health-related lifestyle factors, such as smoking, alcohol drinking coffee consumption, regular exercise, and etc, on plasma tHcy have been determined. The Hordalane Homocysteine Study revealed that smoking and coffee consumption are major deter minants of plasma tHcy as well as folate levels; however, the influence of alcohol intake is still controversial. In Koreans, the effects of lifestyle factors of plasma tHcy have not yet been determined. Thus, we investigated the relationships of various lifestyle determinants with plasma tHcy, folate, and vitamin B/sub 12/ levels and the erythrocyte folate concentrations in Korean adults (99 males and 96 fermales). Plasma tHcy levels were significantly hight in male subjects. On the contrary, plasma levels of folate and vitamin B/sub 12/ and erythrocyte folate concentration of the females were significantly higher than those of the males. Among the five lifestyle factors determined in the study, regular exercise significantly affects plasma tHcy levels only in the females, Contrary to the expectation, there were on significant differences in plasma tHcy levels between alcohol drinkers and non-alcohol drinkers as well as smokers and non-smokers. And also, plasma tHcy leverls were not different between coffee consumers and non-coffee consumer and between green tea consumers and non-green tea consumers. Although alcohol intake did not influence plasma tHcy levels, the duration, frequency, and amount of alcohol drinking showed significant negative relationships with plasma folate levers. These results indicate the regular exercise and alcohol intake might influence plasma levels of tHcy and folate in Koreans, although the results were not reveled in both sexes.

The Effect of Apraclonidine Hydrochloride 0.5%Ve rsus 1%for Controlling Intraocular Pressure Elevation after Nd :YAG Laser Posterior Capsulotomy

Previous reports have shown that Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy is associated with elevated intraocular pressure(IOP). Topical apraclonidine hydrochloride has been shown to be effective in preventing postlaser pressure spikes. This study was designed to compare the effect of apraclonidine hydrochloride 0.5%versus 1% in controlling IOP elevation after Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Fourteen eyes were treated with 0.5%apraclonidine(Group 1), twenty eyes with 1%apraclonidine(Group 2)and fifteen eyes without apra-clonidine(Group 3)in Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. The mean post-operative IOP at 1 to 3 hours of Group 3(15.0+/-3.6 mmHg, 16.0+/-4.3 mmHg) was higher than Group 1(10.8+/-3.5 mmHg, 11.6+/-3.0 mmHg)and Group 2 (11.2+/-3.0 mmHg, 12.7+/-2.3 mmHg)(P0.05). This result suggests that 0.5%and 1%apraclonidine are equally effective in preventing IOP rise and 0.5%apraclonidine can be a useful adjunct in preventing IOP elevation following Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy.

Study of Serum Lipids and the Obesity of Housewives in Mooan, Chonnam / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was to investigate the level of serum lipids and obesity in housewives in Mooan, and relationships between them. The average age, height and weight were 51.1 years, 154.3 cm and 58.3 kg respectively. The level of obesity of subjects was higher than that of housewives in other areas investigated in other studies. BMI and RBW underestimated in the obese compared to BIA. The amounts of lean body mass and total body water of subjects above 60 years old were smaller than those of forties and their BMI and RBW were lower than those of forties. However, their body fat percentage was nearly same as that of forties. Serum HDL-cholesterol(HDL-C) of subjects was lower than 55 mg/dl, the lower limit of normal range. Triglyceride of subjects above 60years old was higher than the 95th percentile of those of the same age with reference to Mayo clinic. The serum total cholesterol(TC) showed positive correlation with LDL-cholesterol(LDL-C) and TC/HDL-C(p<0.001). LDL-C showed positive correlation with TC(p<0.001), but negative correlation with HDL-C(p<0.05). HDL-C showed negative correlation with triglyceride(p<0.05). TC/HDL-C showed a positive correlation with triglyceride(p<0.05). HDL-C was the serum lipid which showed the highest correlation with obesity and body composition. It showed a negative correlation with the percentage of body fat(p<0.001), total body fat(p<0.001), BMI(p<0.05) and RBW(p<0.05). TC/HDL-C showed positive correlation with the percentage of body fat(p<0.01) and total body fat(p<0.05). As the result of above, it is needed to make more researches to find out the proper method to estimate the obesity of subjects and educate subjects in Mooan about nutritional information for obesity.